Scintillation counter principle instrumentationtools. Excretion and osmoregulation human excretory system counter current mechanism duration. The countercurrent multiplier of the loop of henle in a mammalian kidney is a challenging concept for instructors to teach and for students to learn. Unfortunately, the stella software is designed to use rate of change over only one quantity, usually time. Since the concentration of the tubular fluid in the descending limb reflects the concentration of surrounding interstitial fluid, and since the concentration of this fluid is raised by the active extrusion of salt from the. Global offensive is a game created by valve corporation and released on august 21st, 2012 as a successor to previous games in the series dating back to 1999. Counts up from or down to a target value by a specified rate. Counter current multiplier system definition of counter. It is found widely in nature and especially in mammalian organs. Mimi lam, professor at case western reserve university school of medicine, explains the countercurrent multiplier.
Counter current multiplication article khan academy. What is the function of countercurrent exhanger in kidney. Fbmultipier is a nonlinear finite element analysis program capable of analyzing multiple bridge pier structures interconnected by bridge spans. A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient it is found widely in nature and especially in mammalian organs.
A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient. Lecture 20 urinary system counter current multiplication. Global offensive community and a hub for the discussion and sharing of content relevant to cs. Demystifying the countercurrent multiplier youtube. Lecture 12 introduction to animal structure and function. It is a dynamic process involving the movement of water via osmosis and salt via active transport. Thick ascending tubule and its role in the counter current multiplier. The presence of loop of henle enables birds and mammals including man to produce urine which is hypertonic to the blood. Sodium and chloride ions are actively pumped from the ascending limb of the loop but water is retained, since the ascending limb is impermeable to water. Silbernagels color atlas of physiology refers to the flow of water in the vasa recta as the countercurrent exchange.
In both concurrent and countercurrent exchange, the experimental or. But avoid asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Let us say there are 2 tubes, through which a solution of the same substance is flowing. Countercurrent flow flow in opposite directions in the ascending and descending limbs and the close proximity of the two limbs allow for interaction between them. Here is the list of best free circuit simulation software for windows. The first takes place in the region of the nephron called henles loop. However, this theory was stated more explicitly by hargitay and kuhn 2 who proposed a model.
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Using these software, you can actually checkout how a circuit will behave, and also know additional information including its waveform. The prime driving force for counter current multiplier system is. We developed an interactive game to support student learning of this dynamic process with a team of faculty as part of the 2014 hhminas summer institute on undergraduate stem education. Countercurrent multiplier definition of countercurrent. Difference bw countercurrent multiplier and exchanger.
The output current is limited, but you can use the schematic to roll your own multiplier for higher currents. Counter current mechanism by dr anita teli authorstream presentation. Hi, can someone please explain the difference between the countercurrent multiplier and exchanger. The countercurrent multiplier theory of the operation of the renal medulla is often attributed to kuhn and ryffel l. Note, this counter has no memory, it will reset when a. Current cost multiplier how is current cost multiplier. To dispose of an excess salt load, you must be able to generate a concentrated urine. The principle of this process is analogous to the physical principle applied in the conduction of hot exhaust gases past cold incoming gas so as to warm it and conserve heat. Countercurrent mechanism countercurrent multipliers the loop of henle produce high osmotic medullary gradient 1200 mosm lit at the bottom. Other articles where countercurrent exchange multiplication is discussed.
The mechanisms effect is dependent on the two fluids flowing in opposite directions, and having a concentration gradient between them. The countercurrent multiplier system recirculates salt and thus traps some of the salt that enters the loop of henle in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla. Countercurrent multiplication in the loop of henle youtube. The following animation shows how a radioenergy pulse travels down and then up the wave guide of a guidedwave radar level instrument, relating the peaks on an echo curve to. These freeware let you design as well as simulate circuits on your pc. To do this, it uses a countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the medulla. Khan academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, worldclass education for anyone, anywhere. A complete software solution for jewellery segment with all the modules from wholesale, retail, manufacturing, barcode and many others. The countercurrent multiplication system relies on the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the ascending and descending limbs of the. Kidney function counter current mechanism animation youtube. Transport of nacl without water in the thin and thick ascending limb of the loop of henle results in an interstitial osmolal gradient from 285 mosmolkg in the.
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. Also, it would be nice to know what would happen on the output if we pushed 100 milliamperes into the. The omen command center offers the following tools to monitor and improve system performance. The length of the loop is directly related to the concentration of urine and operates as a countercurrent multiplier system. The countercurrent multiplier of the loop of henle is a challenging process to teach. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains. A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillator material and detecting the resultant light pulses. A worksheet aimed at advanced biology students, this resource is suitable as a lesson starter for a topic on gas exchange in fish. Loop of henle 1002 800 alh 400 402 200 dlh the countercurrent multiplier cortex medulla h 2o 1200 285 100 502 802 1100 1102 500 300 900 800 600 salt. Medullary hyperosmolality and medullary gradient the interstitial fluid of the medulla is critically important in concentrating the urine,because the osmotic pressure of this fluid provides the driving force for reabsorbing water from both the descending thin segment and.
Countercurrent mechanisms the mechanisms shown here are traditionally called the countercurrent multiplier and the countercurrent exchanger. Whats not at all clear is whats on the output side of the box. Start studying lecture 20 urinary system counter current multiplication and exchange. The ability to concentrate urine is also present in birds.
These findings have established the counter current hypothesis as a viable theory, and since the early 1960s all of the. It consists of a scintillator that generates photons in response to incident radiation, a sensitive photomultiplier tube pmt which converts the light to an electrical signal and. How does the counter current mechanism concentrate urine. The worksheet requires students to consider the difference in circulatory system layout between a fish and a mammal before focusing on the differences between concurrent and countercurrent exchange. Digital counter animation software free download digital. Lecture 12 introduction to animal structure and function countercurrent exchange definition of countercurrent exchange. Do kidneys handle water and solvent excretion differently. The number of seconds between updates of a continuous counter. Thanks for contributing an answer to biology stack exchange. I see that the epithelia is responsible for generating the osmolarity difference, and thats the multiplier component, and then the capillaries are the exchangers that minimize solute washout, but i cant for the life of me figure out how the terms multiplier and exchanger fit these.
If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. Counter current system2 before the vertical osmotic gradient is established, the medullary interstitial fluid concentration is uniformly 300 m osml as in the remainder of the body fluids step 1 the active salt pump in the thick ascending limb is able to transport nacl out of the lumen until the surrounding interstitial fluid is 200 mosml more concentrated than the tubular fluid in this. Physiology mcq 53 driving force for counter current. Countercurrent multiplication in the kidneys is the process of using energy to generate an osmotic gradient that enables you to reabsorb water from the tubular. View utilization percentages for the graphics processing unit gpu, central processing unit cpu, and memory. Add any animations or graphs you want and run the model.
Download rightmark cpu clock utility onthefly adjustment of the cpu multiplier, voltage level, os load, temperature and more, using this tiny and portable app with rich features. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Counter current mechanism by dr anita teli authorstream. The control unit will consist of a leastsignificantbit lsb of the multiplier, a start signal. In addition, movement of these molecules is not consistent along the loop of henle i. Countercurrent multiplication in the kidney video khan. This is accomplished by the passive diffusion of water from the decending vasa recta to the ascending vasa recta in the osmostic gradient of the medulla. Current cost multiplier how is current cost multiplier abbreviated. Osmosis is a challenging topic for students with many students holding misconceptions about the process. Counter current mechanism concentrated urine formation byjus. For example, it can refer to the process that is underlying the process of urine concentration, that is, the production of hyperosmotic urine by the mammalian kidney. The medulla is very poorly drained more on that later and so it is possible to set up a large osmotic gradient in the medulla and keep it there anywhere else and the blood would wash.
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